Colorectal cancer - Wikipedia. Colorectal cancer. Synonyms. Colon cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer. Diagram of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Specialty. Oncology. Symptoms. Blood in the stool, change in bowel movements, weight loss, feeling tired all the time[1]Causes. Old age, lifestyle factors, genetic disorders[2][3]Risk factors. Diet, obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity[2]Diagnostic method. Tissue biopsy during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy[1]Prevention. Screening from age of 5. Treatment. Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy[5]Prognosis. Five year survival rates 6. USA)[6]Frequency. Deaths. 83. 2,0. 00 (2. Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).[5] A cancer is the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[9] Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss, and feeling tired all the time.[1]Most colorectal cancers are due to old age and lifestyle factors with only a small number of cases due to underlying genetic disorders.[2][3] Some risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity.[2][3] Dietary factors that increase the risk include red and processed meat as well as alcohol.[2] Another risk factor is inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.[2] Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non- polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases.[2][3] It typically starts as a benign tumor, often in the form of a polyp, which over time becomes cancerous.[2]Bowel cancer may be diagnosed by obtaining a sample of the colon during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.[1] This is then followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread.[5]Screening is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer.[4] Screening, by one of a number of methods, is recommended starting from the age of 5. During colonoscopy, small polyps may be removed if found.[2] If a large polyp or tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to check if it is cancerous. Aspirin and other non- steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs decrease the risk.[2][1. Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.[1. Treatments used for colorectal cancer may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.[5] Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may be curable with surgery while cancer that has spread widely are usually not curable, with management being directed towards improving quality of life and symptoms.[5]Five year survival rates in the United States are around 6. This, however, depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery, and the person's overall health.[1] Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer making up about 1. In 2. 01. 2, there were 1.
It is more common in developed countries, where more than 6. It is less common in women than men.[2]Signs and symptoms[edit]. Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors. The signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer depend on the location of the tumor in the bowel, and whether it has spread elsewhere in the body (metastasis). The classic warning signs include: worsening constipation, blood in the stool, decrease in stool caliber (thickness), loss of appetite, loss of weight, and nausea or vomiting in someone over 5. While rectal bleeding or anemia are high- risk features in those over the age of 5. Greater than 7. 5–9. Risk factors include older age, male gender,[1. Approximately 1. 0% of cases are linked to insufficient activity.[1. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day.[2. Drinking 5 glasses of water a day is linked to a decrease in the risk of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps.[2. Streptococcus gallolyticus is associated with colorectal cancer.[2. Some strains of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex are consumed by millions of people daily and thus may be safe.[2. Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus bacteremia have concomitant colorectal tumors.[2. Seroprevalence of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus is considered as a candidate practical marker for the early prediction of an underlying bowel lesion at high risk population.[2. RV EPDM Roof Replacement, Roof Repair, Sealants plus 1000's of other RV parts and accessories for sale. It has been suggested that the presence of antibodies to Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus antigens or the antigens themselves in the bloodstream may act as markers for the carcinogenesis in the colon.[2. Inflammatory bowel disease[edit]People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer.[2. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease,[2. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended.[2. People with inflammatory bowel disease account for less than 2% of colon cancer cases yearly.[2. In those with Crohn's disease 2% get colorectal cancer after 1. In those with ulcerative colitis approximately 1. Genetics[edit]Those with a family history in two or more first- degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease and this group accounts for about 2. A number of genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer.[1. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include Gardner syndrome,[2. FAP). For people with these syndromes, cancer almost always occurs and makes up 1% of the cancer cases.[3. A total proctocolectomy may be recommended for people with FAP as a preventative measure due to the high risk of malignancy. Colectomy, removal of the colon, may not suffice as a preventative measure because of the high risk of rectal cancer if the rectum remains.[3. Most deaths due to colon cancer are associated with metastatic disease. A gene that appears to contribute to the potential for metastatic disease, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), has been isolated.[3. It is a transcriptional factor that influences the expression of hepatocyte growth factor. This gene is associated with the proliferation, invasion and scattering of colon cancer cells in cell culture, and tumor growth and metastasis in mice. MACC1 may be a potential target for cancer intervention, but this possibility needs to be confirmed with clinical studies.[3. Epigenetic factors, such as abnormal DNA methylation of tumor suppressor promoters play a role in the development of colorectal cancer.[3. Pathogenesis[edit]Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increase signaling activity. The mutations can be inherited or acquired, and most probably occur in the intestinal cryptstem cell.[3. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the APC gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of β- catenin protein. Without APC, β- catenin accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates the transcription of proto- oncogenes. These genes are normally important for stem cell renewal and differentiation, but when inappropriately expressed at high levels, they can cause cancer. While APC is mutated in most colon cancers, some cancers have increased β- catenin because of mutations in β- catenin (CTNNB1) that block its own breakdown, or have mutations in other genes with function similar to APC such as AXIN1, AXIN2, TCF7. L2, or NKD1.[3. 8]Beyond the defects in the Wnt signaling pathway, other mutations must occur for the cell to become cancerous. The p. 53 protein, produced by the TP5. Wnt pathway defects. Eventually, a cell line acquires a mutation in the TP5. Sometimes the gene encoding p. BAX is mutated instead.[3. Other proteins responsible for programmed cell death that are commonly deactivated in colorectal cancers are TGF- β and DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Cancer). Auto- Mechanic PRO | Car Mechanic & Technician Training Course. Auto- Mechanic PRO is an essential membership resource for all mechanics, apprentices and technicians who want to. It's ideal for both beginners who're starting out or want to. Air Conditioning. 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